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Gene Technology and Genomics :-)
pp. 546-549, 554-557, 559-565, 586-588

Gene Technology: The era of gene technology began in the 1970s with the development of several methodologies such as the use of restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases), in vivo gene cloning, and DNA sequencing. Restriction Enzymes: These endonucleases recognize a certain palindromic DNA sequences and cut the molecule there.
Gel Electrophoresis: This technique can be used to separate DNA molecules according to size. (Know: Southern blot, Northern blot, Western blot -- pp. 560-561)
Shotgun and Other Cloning Methodologies: Early gene cloning experiments were done using restriction enzymes to ligate target DNA to vector DNA. This hybrid molecule was then used to transform E. coli. Cloning procedure like this can be used to build genomic libraries or cDNA libraries. However, mRNA is isolated and reverse transcriptase is used in building cDNA libraries.
PCR: This in vitro methodology amplifies a segment of DNA 230 fold.
DNA Sequencing: Early sequencing methods used radioactive labels. The late 20th century's technology was Sanger sequencing. The technology of  uses the dideoxy method. "Next-Generation Sequencing" is quickly becoming more affordable and is replacing Sanger sequencing. Some of these methodologies include Pyro Sequencing and HiSeq/miSeq.
The Human Genome Project: The mega-sequencing project undertaken at the end of last century had as its goal the sequencing of the 3 billion base-pair human genome. (What are SNPs?)
Microarrays (Gene Chips): One of the many methodologies used in genomics is the microarray. With this technique, it is possible to ask questions like, "What genes are expressed in cancer cells that are not expressed in normal cells." Next-Generation DNA Sequencing: New rapid, cheaper sequencing methodologies make possible the routine whole genome sequencing. This opens the door to detailed investigation of the role of all genes in determining trait (like disease conditions). CRISPR: What is it? (Be able to answer this question on the next test.) See this link and this link and this link.